Reseach Paper proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reseach Paper proposal - Essay Example Machine helps machine to figure and work machine unfathomably speedier, lessening the handling speed, value and time. This development innovation changes all human lives. I have quite a while encounter in Plastic infusion Mold making and Machining part industry. For me as experience engineer, CNC is an enchantment. It made unthinkable dreams to true plausibility. CNC it helps me to transform and cut the metal speedier, precise and lively than some time recently. Useful of expounding on this theme is helping me to get progress data about CNC innovation. Whats more the gigantic sources from Cal State University Library are opening an alternate eye and world for me to get more learning and data about the business that I included as my first occupation. Clearly, this Human made engineering has some Advantage and Disadvantages. Points of interest of this machine are, for example, quick correspondence, less demanding arranging framework, sparing vitality and time, information stockpiling information regardless of size and numerous different things. Impediments of the Computer are, for example, unemployment, information security and wellbeing. In General profit or harm of this creation is upon to their client is utilizing it. It can spare some person time, expense and life, or it may case someone misfortune or harm. Anyway dependably workstation engineering improved human life and lead people to a propelled level of

Patients Dealing with Poverty Essay Example for Free

Patients Dealing with Poverty Essay Poverty affects almost half the world. Over three billion people live on less than $2.50 a day (Global Issues). The United States, one of the wealthiest nations in the world, accounts for almost 12% of these statistics. In addition to these people, another 50 million are â€Å"near poverty† level. Even more alarming, according to the 1999 Census Bureau, over 16% of all children in the United States live in poverty verse the recorded 12% of adults (Yahoo Health). I chose to write about people living with poverty because God has really placed the issue on my heart this year. Last May, my father lost his job and became homeless. I am happy to say he is now employed and looking for housing. After seeing the effects of poverty first hand, I have felt tremendously compelled to reach out to those in need. I have applied for an Episcopal Urban Intern Program through AmeriCorps and if I am accepted, I will be working with them starting in August. God has really blessed me with a heart of compassion and understanding, and I want to use that gift to serve others to the best of my ability. Poverty is a global issue that affects every corner of our world. There are an endless amount of people suffering in every county and many issues to be discussed. Because there are so many people affected worldwide, I am only going to focus on the effects in the United States for this essay. So, what is poverty? Poverty can be defined in several different ways. According to the US Census Bureau, poverty is measured in numbers. Any person living on a yearly income of $11,136 or under (add $2,820 for each additional person in the household) is considered to be in poverty (US Census 2010). However, the social definition of poverty is any person living with a lack of essential items such as food, clothing, water, and shelter (Think Quest). Minority racial and ethnic groups are much more likely to live in poverty. Also, poverty is much more prevalent in single, female-headed households (Yahoo Health). It is extremely important to be educated about the kinds of people living in poverty, especially if you are a healthcare worker, because the effects of their financial status greatly impact their well-being. Individuals living at or near poverty level suffer a variety of chronic ailments. They often have no health insurance so they rely on emergency rooms for care and often do not fill their prescriptions. They frequently postpone getting medical care due to lack of insurance and also have shorter life spans (Society of Teachers of Family Medicine). For every small decrease in income we see a significant decrease in health outcome. Another big concern of poverty-level individuals is that they are more likely to smoke and to live sedentary lifestyles (Hope Through Healing Hands). In a study done in year 2000, researchers found that more than one third of people living in poverty had a drug or alco hol problem. Also, more than half (56%) of those studied reported not having enough to eat at sometime in the last year (Society of Teachers of Family Medicine). Lack of nutrition, for any period of time, can cause detrimental effects on the body such as weight loss, bone deterioration, and even death (Merck Manuals). Mental health issues such as depression and anxiety were also very prevalent in this study of poverty-stricken people. Something very interesting to me about this study is that in response to interview questions about issues in daily life, personal health and/or access to health care services were the third most commonly cited concerns (employment and housing were the top two concerns). Among these health concerns, costs and health insurance coverage were the biggest issues raised. Nearly half of Americans whose incomes are below 150% of the poverty level are without insurance coverage. In contrast, only about 40% of those with incomes below 100% of the poverty level are without health insurance (Society of Teachers of Family Medicine). This is due to the target income range of government programs. Federal and state programs (such as Medicaid) help tremendously with insuring those at poverty level. However, there are many others considered the â€Å"working poor† who do not qualify for these programs. These people all too often have to choose between paying for meals and paying for health care. Those living in poverty that do have health insurance from government programs often have very limited coverage. Prescription medications and medical supplies (such as eyeglasses) are often not included. Healthcare professionals often mistake those in poverty, especially those between the 150% 200% level range, as non-compliant patients (Society of Teachers of Family Medicine). Because people living in poverty often do not come in for preventative care, do not fill prescriptions, and fail to adhere to other recommendations, they can easily be mistaken for â€Å"bad patients.† It is a common misconception that they are ignorant to the importance of health care. It is imperative to understand that these individuals are doing the best they can with the finances and resources they have available. The main solution to health care problems those living in poverty face is a change to our health care system. Coverage needs to be available to all members of society for all health needs. As healthcare workers, we are not all called to be change agents in the world for this cause. However, we can educate ourselves to better understand poverty so we can deal effectively with those patients experiencing it. Americans almost always seem to be informed of poverty in under-developed countries. They also seem to be well-aware that poverty causes poor health. Still, many in the U.S. remain unaware that this problem exists in our country as well (Hope Through Healing Hands). Healthcare providers can communicate effectively with poverty-stricken individuals by showing a genuine desire to assist and serve them. Developing a sense of empathy, not sympathy, for the person shows that you care for them rather than feel bad for them. It is important to understand that these individuals’ sense of time occurs only in the present. They rarely think of the future or what effects their present actions might have on them later in life (TFC Association). They live for today because that is all they have. It is best to project kindness to these individuals, as with any group of people. Another very effective tool for helping those living in poverty is providing resources. Researching free or low-cost programs in your community and sharing them with these patients is a great way to help. Using appropriate humor is also a great way to lighten the mood and bring a smile to someone’s face that may be experiencing financial hardships (TFC Association). There are so many problems poverty brings upon an individual. Living with this burden can truly effect a person is so many ways. As a healthcare worker there is only so much we can do to assist people at these low-income levels. Although we can not provide a means for them financially or fix the living situation they are in, it is important to understand the impact we can have just by being compassionate. If you work in an office with ignorance to this issue, it is vital to inform those around you about the effects of poverty on health care. Before jumping to conclusions about a patient who is non-compliant, you may want to ask questions to find out if it is due to poverty. The key is to treat them with dignity and respect, regardless of their social status, and you really will make a difference. Works Cited 1. Poverty Facts and Stats — Global Issues. Global Issues : Social, Political, Economic and Environmental Issues That Affect Us All — Global Issues. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats. 2. Poverty. Yahoo! Health. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://health.yahoo.net/galecontent/poverty-and-health#povertyintheunitedstates. 3. Poverty Data Poverty Threshholds U.S Census Bureau. Census Bureau Home Page. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/threshld/index.html. 4. Finding Solutions to Poverty. A Dollar a Day: What Is Poverty? Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00282/over_whatis.htm. 5. Understanding the Culture of Poverty. Society of Teachers of Family Medicine. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. www.tfcassociation.org//10Beveridge%20Todd%2022OCT%20THU%20Plenary.ppt. 6. Poverty and Healthcare: Fatefully Linked. Hope Through Healing Hands. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://www.hopethroughhealinghands.org/_uploads/Pov erty%20and%20Healthcare_Fatefully%20Linked_Johnson%20City%20Press_6.21.09.pdf. 7. Undernutrition: Disorders of Nutrition and Metabolism: Merck Manual Home Edition. Merck Co., Inc. Is a Global Research-driven Pharmaceutical Products Company. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/sec12/ch153/ch153a.html. 8. â€Å"Health Needs of People Living Below Poverty Level.† Transplant Financial Coordinators. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. http://www.stfm.org/fmhub/fm2001/may01/special2.pdf.

Design A 1 Bit Serial Adder Computer Science Essay

Design A 1 Bit Serial Adder Computer Science Essay The main aim of this project is to design a 1-bit serial adder, simulate its functionality and obtain a layout on silicon, using the 0.35 µ process from AMS. The circuit designed shows a working serial adder clocking at (100MHz of nsecs) with a delay of 0.56910nsec. The area of the layout is 99.3016.35  µm2 in this technology. The circuit performs an 8-bit addition in 0.569108 nsesc. The circuit uses a standard 1-bit full adder and it has a feedback loop using a D-flip-flop in order to transmit the carry bit to the next input value. The final layout product has 3-input pads and 2-output pads, with power and ground pads. The process known as serial addition of binary numbers is well known in the computing and units capable of performing such serial binary addition ordinarily comprise a basic portion of more complex computation devices. In the past, such serial adders for binary numbers have employed vacuum tube circuitry for the most part and have accordingly been subject to the disadvantages that they are relatively in large size, fragile in configuration and are subject to operating failures. These factors raise serious questions of disposition of components and problems of maintenance. The present invention serves to obviate the foregoing difficulties and in essence provides a serial adder structure capable of performing full addition of binary numbers. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide an improved serial adder for use in computing applications. An object of the present invention resides in the provision of an improved serial adder for binary digital applications employing magnetic amplifiers as components thereof. Another object of the present invention is the provision of the serial adder for binary numbers which adders can be made in relatively smaller sizes. A still further object of the present invention resides in the provision of a computation device comprising, in combination, a plurality of magnetic amplifiers and a plurality of gating devices so interconnected with one another that the mathematical process known as a serial bit addition. The binary adder of the present invention includes provision for selective coupling the input train pulses to be added as well as carry pulses produced by the device itself to the plurality of gates, and the gates are adapted by themselves to selectively pass signal pulses required for the operation or inhibition of the plurality of magnetic amplifiers mentioned above. In digital s ystems, digital signal processing and control systems we can control it when we are able to count. Addition is the fundamental operation for all these systems. The fastness and accuracy are highly influenced by the adders we are use for the circuit design. Adders are very important components in the digital components because of their extensive use in digital operations such as multiplication, subtraction and division. The execution of binary operations inside a circuit would be greatly advanced by improving the performance of the digital adders. The main aim of designing the bit serial adder is to Perform one bit at a time, using the first bit operation results to influence the processing of subsequent bits. It reduces the amount of hardware required as it passes all the bits in the same logic. However this approach needs 1/nth part of hardware when compared to the n-bit parallel adders. As we are using 1-bit instead of n-bits its structure reduces the signal routing and performs at high speed as we are using 1bit register for the temporary storage and one full adder rather than an n-bit adder. The reduction in the price of the logic results in taking n clock cycles to execute this serial hardware, whereas parallel hardware executes in one clock cycle. This bit structure deals with the bit stream hence this have been successfully used in many applications like digital systems, digital signal processing, control systems etc. It was extremely popular in 2-5u technology range. The performance of a digital circuit block is gauged by analysing its power dissipation, layout area and its operating speed. The main aim of this project is to design a 1-bit serial adder. Through this project research we get the knowledge of working behaviour and performance of the 1-bit serial adder. Adders are the basic components for the designing of any digital circuit. Adders are very important components in the digital components because of their extensive use in digital operations such as multiplication, subtraction and division. The execution of binary operations inside a circuit would be greatly advanced by improving the performance of the digital adders. The main aim of designing the bit serial adder is to perform one bit at a time, using the first bit operation results to influence the processing of subsequent bits. Here in this case the one bit serial adder is designed by using a flip-flop and full adder. . This circuit has two stages full adder stage for the addition of two bits that are entered serially and second stage is flip-flop stage which temporarily stores the carry until the next stage is processed. The temporary storage of the carry in the flip-flop depends on the clock pulse. Its design principle shows how the two inputs entered serially. These two inputs will be added by the full adder along with the carry which was temporarily stored by the flip-flop and gives us the sum output and carry output. The normal 1-bit serial adder uses the XOR gates from the available core library. But in this XOR gate there is an OR gate which usually reduces the performance of the XOR gate. Hence the circuit has been modified by designing the XOR gate by using the NAND gates. What we would like to do now is find the easy way to use the sub tractor along with the serial adder circuit. By using this sub tractor we can subtract the lower bit value from higher value. This binary sub tractor has been added to one of the input which we are thinking to subtract the value. In our serial adder circuit the sub tractor is attached to the one of the inputs Y which is usually a XOR gate. This results in the subtraction of Y value from higher bit values. BACKGROUND 2.1 Addition: Addition is a process of adding bits. Binary addition means adding binary bits 0s and 1s and sum and carry generated in binary farm in any signal processing. Now lets consider the 4-bit addition example, As shown above A and B bits added giving Sum out by rippling the carry at each stage and C4 as final carry obtained. 2.2 Subtraction: Subtraction is a process of adding a positive bit to the negative bit. Negative of a bit means 2s compliment of it. This is nothing but adding 1 bit to LSB of its 1s compliment. 1s compliment is nothing but reversing the logic of the bits. Now lets consider the 4-bit subtraction example, The above subtraction technique dedicated to the subtracting a smaller binary from a larger binary. If it changes it just followed by few more steps as change sign bit (MSB) to zero, then change it to its 2s compliment as before process. Metal-Oxide-Silicon Field-Effect transistors (Mosfets) NMOS Transistor Here is a diagram of nmos transistor The source and drain are connected to the two blobs of n-type semiconductor material. The gate is on top, separated (and electrically insulated) from the rest of the transistor by a thin layer of silicon dioxide (same material as sand doesnt conduct at all). The source and drain are separated by p-type material. This forms two diodes pointed in opposite directions (when you have n-type next to p-type material, you get a diode), so no current can flow between the source and drain. When a high voltage (higher than the voltage level of the source, which is defined as the lower voltage of the two end terminals) is applied to the gate, it puts a positive charge on the gate. This attracts a negative charge in the region underneath the gate (opposite charges attract), forming a channel of negative charge carriers or an n-channel between the source and drain, which allows current to flow. So the nMOS transistor conducts when the gate is raised to the high voltage level, which we consider to be the logic level for 1 (true). PMOS TRANSISTOR The pMOS transistor is the dual of the nMOS transistor. You can look at the same diagram, but swap every n and p, and every + and -. Now, when the voltage at the gate is lower than the source (the higher voltage of the two end terminals for a pMOS transistor), we end up with a negative charge on the gate, which induces a positive channel underneath the gate, which allows current to flow. So the pMOS transistor conducts when the gate voltage is low, which we consider to be the logic level for 0 (false). The full names of what is being described are enhancement mode n-channel or p-channel metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET). Enhancement mode refers to the fact that we have to create the channel by applying voltage to the gate. (There are also depletion mode transistors that have a channel built in to start with.) Field effect refers to the fact that were using the electric field from the charge at the gate to control things. Metal-oxide semiconductor refers to the fact that were using an oxide to insulate the gate from the rest of the transistor. The two types of transistors are named for the channel: nMOS has an n-channel; pMOS has a p-channel. Cmos There are many ways to make logic gates (not to be confused with the gate of the transistor) out of transistors. What Im showing here is the dominant way that gates are done in digital electronics today, but there are many variations out there. This is called static CMOS logic. Static refers to the fact that there are not clocks involved. CMOS stands for complementary metal-oxide semiconductor. The complementary means we have both nMOS and pMOS transistors. The intuition behind this design style is simple. First, you dont want to have nMOS and pMOS transistors mixed up close to each other, because they need to be created on different types of substrate. So the natural style is to have a bunch of nMOS transistors together that pull the output one way for certain input values, and a bunch of pMOS transistors together that pull the output the other direction for the other input values. It turns out to work better to have the nMOS transistors pull down toward logic 0 and the pMOS transistors pull up toward logic 1. This is both for electrical reasons (nMOS conducts 0 better; pMOS conducts 1 better) and also to make it easy to get inverting gates. The following diagram showing how to make an inverter (a NOT gate): Such that we developed CMOS Technology by combination of Pull-up network of PMOS Transistors and Pull-down network of NMOS Transistors. All the CMOS gates are constructed using as shown below. CMOS Constructed by, PMOS transistors in Pull-up network stage and NMOS transistors in Pull-down network stage. OUTPUT going 1->0   The Pull-down NMOS transistors discharges the output capacitance. OUTPUT going 0->1 The output capacitance is charged through Pull-up PMOS transistors. MOSFETs transition states in CMOS Transistor: CMOS logic is better logic than PMOS and NMOS implementations individually. Because PMOS transistors are great at transmitting a logic 0 to1 voltage without signal loss, NMOS transistors are great at transmitting a logic 1 to 0 voltage. 4.2 NAND GATE: Constructed by, As shown below PMOS transistors in parallel and NMOS transistors in series. OUTPUT going 1->0    The series NMOS transistors discharges the output capacitance. OUTPUT going 0->1 The output capacitance is charged through parallel PMOS transistors. Circuit diagram of NAND Gate: Logic symbol of NAND Gate: Truth table of NAND Gate: A B OUTPUT 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 4.3 NOR GATE: Constructed by, As shown NMOS transistors in parallel and PMOS transistors in series. OUTPUT going 1->0 The parallel NMOS transistors discharges the output capacitance. OUTPUT going 0->1 The output capacitance is charged through series PMOS transistors. Circuit diagram of NOR Gate: Logic symbol of NOR Gate: Truth table of NOR Gate: XOR GATE: XOR is also called Exclusive OR gate or EOR gate. This is a digital logic gate, which is used to express the function of Exclusive Disjunction. Its behavior is similar to or gate with exclusive condition. Usually it is a 2-1 input output IC respectively. An output HIGH (1) will be resulted if one, and only one of its 2 inputs is HIGH (1). Result of output LOW (0) both the inputs should be same either low or high. We can say EX-OR gate as One or another, but not both. XOR gate is used to develop a binary addition. It gives the sum for given input bits. As shown above xor of 2 bits A and B gives its sum. A xor B = A.B + A.B Circuit diagram of xor gate: BASIC ADDER UNIT Addition of two binary numbers is the most basic arithmetic operation i.e. two bits. A combinational circuit which can add only two bits is known as half adder. A full adder is one that adds more than two bits i.e. three bits. Full adder uses two adders in its implementation. In this study full adder is the basic addition employed in all adders. HALF ADDER Half is a basic adder circuit that can perform addition of two bits and gives the output of sum and carry. Half adder circuit uses an Exclusive-OR and AND gates for sum and carry outputs. XOR gate gives the sum output and carry output is given by the AND gate. X and Y are inputs S is sum and C0 is carry. S = X.Y + X.Y = X Ġ¦ Y C = X.YIts schematic representation is as shown in the figure. The truth table of half adder is as shown below. X Y SUM C0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 K-MAPPING of half adder circuit is given as shown below. Sum, S = X Ġ¦ Y Carry, C0 = X.Y FULL-ADDER Full adder can be formed by combining two half-adder circuits followed by the OR gate. It can perform the addition of three bits along with the carry input given as output from the previous one. The difference between half adder and full adder is that half adder cannot count more than two bits and cannot add the carry input which will be possible in full adder circuit. In this circuit, sum output is given by the XOR gate and the carry output is given by the AND gate followed by the OR gate. The block diagram of full adder circuit is as shown below. FULLADDER Sum S = X Ġ¦ Y Ġ¦ CI = (X Ġ¦ Y) Ġ¦ CI Carry C0 = (X .Y) + (X Ġ¦ Y).CI As shown in the above figure X, Y and CI are the adder inputs. The truth table of the above circuit is as shown below. X Y CI SUM C0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 By using K-mapping we will get SUM and CARRY as follows Sum S, Carry c0, D FLIP FLOP D- Flip flop is used in many applications. RS flip flop is the fundamental building block for the D- flip flop. It has only one data input. That is connected to the input S of RS flip flop where as D is inversely connected to the R input.. D- Flip flop is also having second input for holding the data which is known as Enable, simply represented as EN. The enable input is AND-ed with the D- Flip flop. D- Flip flop holds the data according to the clock pulse. It is constructed by using AND gates and NOR gates as shown in the below figure. D and EN are the inputs and Q and Q are outputs. The block diagram of the D-flip flop is as shown below. D- Flip flop acts as temporary data storage in the 1- bit serial adder. Its storage capacity depends on the number of stages. The storage capacity of the D- flip flop in this serial adder is the total number bits (0 and 1) of digital data it can retain. Its truth table is a shown below. D EN Q QN 0 Falling edge 0 X 0 Rising edge 0 1 1 Falling edge Qprev X 1 Rising edge 1 0 . The wave forms are attached in the results. CHAPTER 2 SERIAL ADDER The process known as serial addition of binary numbers is well known in the digital and units capable of performing such serial binary addition ordinarily comprise a basic portion of more complex computation devices. In the past, such serial adders for binary numbers have employed vacuum tube circuitry for the most part and have accordingly been subject to the disadvantages that they are relatively in large size, fragile in configuration and are subject to operating failures. These factors raise serious questions of disposition of components and problems of maintenance. The present invention serves to obviate the foregoing difficulties and in essence provides a serial adder structure capable of performing full addition of binary numbers. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide an improved serial adder for use in digital systems. The main aim of designing the bit serial adder is to perform one bit at a time, using the first bit operation results to influence the processing of subsequent bits. Here in this case the one bit serial adder is designed by using a D-flip flop and full adder. . This circuit has two stages full adder stage for the addition of two bits that are entered serially and second stage is D-flip flop stage which temporarily stores the carry until the next stage is processed. The temporary storage of the carry in the D-flip flop depends on the clock pulse. Its design principle shows how the two inputs entered serially. These two inputs will be added by the full adder along with the carry which was temporarily stored by the flip-flop and gives us the sum output and carry output. This is a practical serial adder that is used to add a stream of two bits addition. First it takes the Least Significant Bits (LSB) in addition. Its block diagram is as shown in the figure. As shown in the above figure the inputs Xi and Yi are serially entered into the full adder along with the temporary carry from the D-flip flop i.e. Ci and gives the carry output Ci+1 and sum output Si. Hence serial adder is simple and because of feedback looping bit delays are expected. It can be constructed with very low cost and it is the perfect adder at low speed operations. Si = Ci Ġ¦ Yi Ġ¦ Xi Ci + 1 = Yi . Ci + Xi . Ci + Xi . Yi = Ci . (Xi Ġ¦ Yi) + Xi . Yi The above equations represent the Sum and Carry outputs using Boolean equations. The construction of 1-bit serial adder is as shown in the figure. As shown in the figure the inputs X and Y are serially entered through the full adder along with the carry input which was the feedback output of full adder. In this circuit, sum output is given by the XOR gate and the carry output is given by the AND gate followed by the OR gate. D- Flip flop used in this circuit acts as a temporary storage of carry. TRUTH TABLE X Y C00 S CO 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 This entire design process and simulation can be done by using the mentor graphics version 2005 software. Chapter 3 Nand gate design of serial adder: 4.4 NAND gate is BETTER THAN NOR. As PMOS in parallel and NMOS in series the resultant transition delay at NAND gate is lesser than delay of NOR gate architecture. To make PMOS as fast as NMOS we need enlarge channel and P-regions, but that leads to large silicon layout, and more cost and power wastage. So At same speed NOR is always larger than NAND. So it makes NAND more efficient than NOR. W/L ratio of NAND gate is smaller than NOR gate. If inputs for gates are more then, NAND will be very faster than NOR. So we use sop implementation rather than pos. XOR GATE USING NAND GATES In PMOS holes flow very slowly when compared to the electrons in the NMOS technology. Hence NMOS is faster than PMOS transistor. In NOR gate PMOS transistors are connected in series and in NAND gate PMOS transistors are connected in parallel hence NAND gate is faster than the NOR gate. Now considering another case to make this one bit serial adder little bit faster compared to the normal one bit serial adder the XOR gate is constructed by using the NAND gates which works faster than the normal XOR gate. The reason for constructing this XOR gate is that in the core library we are using to design the entire circuit XOR gate internally contains an OR gate which usually reduces the performance of XOR gate. Its circuit diagram is as follows. X Y OUT 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0Its truth table is as shown below. D- Flip Flop using nand gates: D Flip-Flop is the most popular Flip-Flop. As its output takes the value of data ( D ) input when the positive edge of clock pulse. D Flip-flop can be interpreted as a primitive memory cell. D Flip-flops are basically used as Shift registers. As a D Flip-flop can produce a output signal with a time period delay of given clock pulse for an input signal i.e., one bit shifted right to the input given signal. The principle of D flip-flop is it captures the signal at the moment the clock goes high, and subsequent changes of the data lines do not influence Q until the rise of next clock edge. thus it works as a edge triggering mode at clock signal rising. D Flip-flop is constructed using NAND gates as shown above, where D and CLOCK are the inputs and Q and QN are the out puts. X Y C00 S CO 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 CHAPTER 3 SUBSTRACTOR Up to now we have seen how simple logic gates perform binary addition. It is only logical to assume that the same circuit can also perform the binary subtraction. If we look at the possibilities involved in subtracting one bit number from another, we can quickly see that three of the four possible combinations are easy and straight forward. The fourth one involves a bit more. 0 0 = 0 1 0 = 1 1 1 = 0 0 1 = 1, with a borrow bit. That borrow bit is just like a borrow in decimal subtraction: it subtracts from the next higher order of magnitude in the overall number. The truth table of this sub tractor circuit looks like as shown below. This is an interesting result. The difference, X-Y, is still an exclusive-OR function, just as the sum for addition. The borrow is still an AND function, but is XY instead of XY. Adder/Subtractor logic developed using NAND gate (lower from higher): Addition is adding positive two bits. Subtraction is nothing but an addition where we add one positive bit to another negative bit. That means the second bit will be the positive number with negative polarity. We can convert positive binary to negative binary by its 2s compliment. 2s compliment is nothing but adding 1 bit to the LSB side of 1s compliment. 1s compliment is in any binary code if we swap bits by 1 bit with 0 bit and 0 bit with 1 bit. That is flip the binary code image. 1s compliment can be generated using XOR logic. when we give one pin of XOR gate dedicated to positive as logic 1, and other pin connected to the input binary bit, then output of EXOR will be swapped by 1s with 0s and 0s with 1s. At the same time other advantage is if the dedicated input pin is given logic, then out put will be same as input binary code. Such that in that whole circuit by changing selective pin as 0 logic it works as adder and by changing selective pin as 1 logic it works as subtractors 1s compliment input. Let we consider A + B it is a simple addition, For A B = A + (- B) = A + (B 1s compliment + 1) = A + B 1s compliment + 1 As shown above to find A B we give the full adder inputs as a to A, b to B 1s compliment and finally c in as positive logic 1. Thus adding 2 bits of A And B in this way we get A- B. Above developed subtractor circuit subtracts lower value bit from higher value bit so in 0-1 condition its not valid. ADDER TRUTH TABLE WHEN EN =0 EN X Y C00 S CO 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 SUBSTRACTOR TRUTH TABLE WHEN EN =1 EN X Y C00 S CO 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 X X 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 IMPLEMENTATION The entire process of designing and layout of the 1-bit serial adder circuit is done by using the mentor graphics version 2005. The required logic gates and flip flop has been taken from the core library. Once taking all the required components from the core library wiring has been done again using the core library. One wiring has been done the sheet has been saved and done the schematic check. Once the schematic check has been done successfully then the view point has been created. Once view point has been done successfully the circuit has been run for simulation. After having done the simulation successfully the output waveforms has been checked. This output waveforms results the working of the entire circuit design. Once we got the outputs exactly what we are looking for we then go for layout design. This layout design is also done by using the core library which is known as silicon layout. After finishing the layout we will check the overflow of the IC which we will get at the en d of the process. Conclusion: In the project of One Bit Serial Adder we obtained the knowledge about the functionality of adders and developed a fast adder using NAND gate Logic. We even obtain the knowledge about CMOS technology and functionality of IC Gates. As we developed using NAND gate logic implementation the architecture of IC will be much faster and efficient. From the obtained results of Serial adder waveforms and IC design by comparing the theoretical and practical values are verified each other. Such that I can conclude the developed ICs are well functioning in any application era with a delay of 0.5921ns. Finally I concluded that a 1-bit Serial adder is developed in Conventional, NAND gate architecture and Adder/Subtractor architectures IC design and layout of IC design obtained and verified without errors. Functional and Electric Characteristics studied similar to CMOS technology as they developed.

Water in New Jersey Essay -- Environment Environmental Essays

Water in New Jersey Residential, commercial and industrial development is the largest contributors to landscape change in the state of New Jersey. When buildout occurs in one region, development pressure begins in another, virtually insuring the Megalopolis concept of one huge urban corridor stretching between Boston and Washington D.C. Year after year, farmland dwindles, roads become congested, and more residents are left to compete for diminishing natural resources. Desperate measures and newer technologies are incorporated to replace poor planning and lack of vision on behalf of decision-makers caught between competing interests. When the long term health and wellbeing of the established population and the short term gain of a limited number of people compete for vital natural resources there should be no question who's interests should prevail. Water resources tend to be taken for granted in New Jersey and why shouldn't they? Rainfall and runoff from snowfall are plentiful, averaging over forty inches per year. The state is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on one side and the Delaware River on the other, with reservoirs containing billions of gallons of water, and large underground aquifers in between. It's hard to imagine a shortage of this abundant resource. Under normal conditions, this would be the case, but under drought conditions, as has been experienced throughout the winter of 2001 - 2002, the residents of New Jersey are forced to confront the stark reality of the situation that we may be entering into a severe water supply crisis. Mandatory water conservation and stiff penalties for noncompliance may do what preservation and antidevelopment advocates have been trying to do for decades in the state of Ne... ...ment to New Jersey using water resource concerns as a tool to limit large-scale suburban development. These southern agricultural counties are a unique region where large numbers of people are dependent on valuable groundwater resources to continue living in a healthy environment. References New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 1993, New Jersey 1992 State water quality inventory report, chapter IV, 44p. Blair, Russell, 2002, Telephone interview with Cape May County Agricultural Agent, March 5, 2002 New Jersey Farm Bureau, 2002, Statistics obtained at website as of March 5,2002, www.njfb.org New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2002, Statistics obtained at website as of March 5, 2002, www.state.nj.us/dep/watersupply/ United States Geological Survey, 2002, Statistics obtained at website as of March 3, 2002, www.usgs.gov

Natural Born Killers & Capitalism

Natural Born Killers Natural Born Killers (Warner Bros. Pictures, 1994) is a film directed by Oliver Stone. The story is about Mickey and Mallory Knox, two serial killers that travel across America on a killing spree which elevates them from criminals into international media celebrities. The story sounds like a modern day Bonnie and Clyde (Warner Bros. Pictures, 1967), however Mickey and Mallory's crimes are much more severe and without cause. Stone intended the film to be a critique on a culture obsessed with violence and the media’s glorification of violence.In Chaos Rising: The Storm Around Natural Born Killers’ (Warner Bros. Pictures, 1994) Stone explains â€Å"What I was doing was pointing the finger at the system that feeds off violence, and at the media that package it for mass consumption. † Unfortunately, many people perceived the message of Natural Born Killers as a glorification of violence. The film even inspired several copycat killings. The film Na tural Born Killers was intended to critique a culture obsessed with violence, yet inspired murders.The reason this film was decoded so differently by some viewers was due to social stereotypes imposed by capitalist ideology. How an audience perceives a message from a text is through the process of decoding. Those who produce a text encode it with messages and meanings through the use of semiotics. When the audience receives a text, they then decode and identify these meanings through the signs and signifiers. Morley (1992, p. 53) explains that meaning in a text is generated through two main factors. The first factor is the way a text is encoded through semiotics.This can invite certain readings and block others. The second is the social background of the receiver, which can be studied sociologically. The interaction of these two constraining structures will define the notion that a text can be interpreted in an infinite number of individual ways. Stuart Hall’s work on the rol e of social positions in the interpretation of mass media texts also helps explain this. His work was based around the three different ways a viewer can decode a text. The first is the dominant reading.This is when the reader shares the text’s code and accepts the intended reading. The second is the negotiated reading, which is when the reader partly accepts the intended reading but not completely. The reader then modifies it in a way that reflects their own position, experience sand interests. The third is the oppositional reading, which is when the reader’s social situation causes them to oppose the dominant code. They understand the intended reading but don’t agree with the code and reject the intended meaning, causing them to develop their own interpretation of the text.On March 6th 1995, teen couple Ben Darras and Sarah Edmondson shot a local businessman in Oklahoma. They then drove to Louisiana where they also shot a store store clerk. After their arrest, the couple said that they had been taking acid and watching Natural Born Killers several times. Upon Darras’s arrest he also shouted the words â€Å"I’m a natural born killer man†. Since the release of Natural Born Killers it has been linked to 8 murders. Each of the murderers shared the same lower class social position, and passion for the film.What can Hall and Morley’s work tell us about how this film was decoded so differently from its intended meaning by these adolescents? Hall (1977, p. 182) explains that texts are polysemic, meaning they may be read differently by different people depending on their identity, cultural background and personal opinions. Traditionally in film, those who commit acts of violence are villains who get punished for their crimes, while the police are seen as heroes. In this film the police are violent; one being a murderer himself.Throughout the film, Mickey and Mallory slaughter without reason yet by the end of the film th ey gain sympathy and likeability from the audience. An oppressed lower class audience may see Mickey and Mallory as lower class heroes as they overcome the oppressing system. Some may sympathize and relate with Mallory's abusive upbringing. An example of this is shown in the film when Mickey and Mallory leave Mallory's house after murdering her parents, the wallpaper displayed is an open bird cage, signifying that she is now free.In this scene the fact that they have just murdered two people is completely overshadowed by Mallory’s escape from an abusive environment. The viewer’s own personal situation, experiences and beliefs heavily influence how they decode the message of this film. Each of the individuals who committed copycat crimes after watching Natural Born Killers came from lower class social backgrounds. This implies that the social conditions that the lower classes endure under capitalism have a direct relation to why these individuals received the opposition al reading of the text.Natural Born Killers dwells on the fact that the two protagonists come from a lower class family, are uneducated, and how capitalist society associates people in this situation with crime. In the film Mickey calls himself a ‘natural born killer’ as he was born into the lower class, therefore society assumes he is a natural born criminal. He explains, â€Å"I was thrown into a flaming pit of scum, forgotten by God. † In this instance, Mickey refers to society and the members of it collectively as ‘God’. The use of semiotics to express this point is quite strong.Signs such as the way Mickey and Mallory speak, the way they dress, how they are groomed and the families that they come from signify that both are a part of the lower class. Other important characters in the film, such as officer Scagnetti, warden McClusky and reporter Wayne Gale wear suits, speak well and are also well groomed. Several shots in the film such as Wayne Ga le trimming his nose hairs and McClusky combing his moustache are used to emphasize their appearance and social status. These characters are portrayed like this to signify that they are higher within the capitalist social hierarchy.All three seek control over Mickey and Mallory for personal gain, implying that the higher classes seek to control the lower class. As the film addresses the difference in occupation of classes in a capitalist society, it also addresses the aspiration levels of the lower class. As revealed previously, Mickey explains that society turned its back on him. He also states â€Å"I came from violence, it was in my blood. My dad had it, his dad had it. It’s just my fate. † Here Mickey is saying that he came from a lower class, as did his father and grandfather.He is also saying that to remain in this social status is just his ‘fate’, meaning the social norm. Hollingshead (2007, p. 285) explains that children have limited their horizons to the class horizon, and in the process they have unconsciously placed themselves in such a position that they will occupy the same levels as their parents. This being a direct effect of the capitalist ideology as Reissman (1953, p. 233) puts it, the proletarian can have no aspirations under capitalism, but instead must come to identify with their own class and aspire to an entirely different system of values. This entirely different ystem of values Reissman is referring to is that in many cases the lower class youth will pursue the quick rise to success and fame. In Natural Born Killers, Mickey and Mallory become international celebrities through their actions, they have fans and fame by taking the ‘short route’, regardless of the means used to get there. Williams and Mcshane (1993 p. 52) state that the lower class youth may be associated with and aspire to become a â€Å"policy king†: â€Å"I want to be a big shot†¦ have all of the guys look up to me. H ave a couple of lincolns, lots of broads and all of the coppers licking my shoes.As Natural Born Killers points the finger at the media for the glorification of violence, it also points a finger at capitalism for restraining the lower classes aspirations and confining them to a life of crime. Tshiwula (1998, p. 27) also shares this theory as she explains â€Å"capitalism is the root for the cause of much criminal behavior, particularly in crimes committed by the lower class. † Stuart Hall and David Morley’s work suggest that an individual’s social status can greatly influence how a text is decoded and the message they receive from it, regardless of the intended meaning.This suggests that people in a lower social status may see the antagonists as lower class heroes as they can relate to their situation. Semiotics in the film was used to signify the social gap between Mickey and Mallory, Wayne Gale, warden McClusky and officer Scagnetti. This explores the stereoty pes of social status in capitalist ideology. The film’s references to the lower class being confined to a life of crime and having restricted aspirations inform us that these factors are imposed by capitalism.Unfortunately, these points are still valid in modern society. Many people who come from low income families believe that having the occupation they desire is unachievable due to their social/financial status. This isn’t necessarily true, however people in this situation may think this due to what the rest of society thinks of them. Not only is the intended message of Natural Born Killers important in making people realize the media’s glorification of violence, but also the message of lower class stereotypes and how they affect the individuals within that class.This text also provides us with an extreme example of how a text can be decoded by different individuals. It’s safe to say that the oppositional reading of Natural Born Killers was a direct re sult of capitalist ideology and its influence on lower class individuals. References Hall, S. (1977) Culture, The Media and the ‘Ideological Effect’. America: Open University Hollingshead, A. (2007). Elmtown's Youth – The Impact of Social Classes on Adolescents. Chicago, America: Case Press Morley, D. (1992). Television Audiences and Cultural Studies.New York, America: Routledge Penn, A. (Director) Newman, D. (Writer) (1967). Bonnie and Clyde [Motion Picture]. America: Warner Bros. Pictures Reissman, L. (1953). American Sociological Review: Volume 18. America: American Sociological Association Stone, O. (Director/Producer) Tarantino, Q. (Writer) (1994). Natural Born Killers [Motion Picture]. America: Warner Bros. Pictures Tshiwula, L. (1998). Crime and Delinquency. Pretoria, South Africa: Kagiso Publishers Williams, F. P. , & McShane, M. D (1993). Criminology Theory. America: Anderson Publishing Co Natural Born Killers & Capitalism Natural Born Killers Natural Born Killers (Warner Bros. Pictures, 1994) is a film directed by Oliver Stone. The story is about Mickey and Mallory Knox, two serial killers that travel across America on a killing spree which elevates them from criminals into international media celebrities. The story sounds like a modern day Bonnie and Clyde (Warner Bros. Pictures, 1967), however Mickey and Mallory's crimes are much more severe and without cause. Stone intended the film to be a critique on a culture obsessed with violence and the media’s glorification of violence.In Chaos Rising: The Storm Around Natural Born Killers’ (Warner Bros. Pictures, 1994) Stone explains â€Å"What I was doing was pointing the finger at the system that feeds off violence, and at the media that package it for mass consumption. † Unfortunately, many people perceived the message of Natural Born Killers as a glorification of violence. The film even inspired several copycat killings. The film Na tural Born Killers was intended to critique a culture obsessed with violence, yet inspired murders.The reason this film was decoded so differently by some viewers was due to social stereotypes imposed by capitalist ideology. How an audience perceives a message from a text is through the process of decoding. Those who produce a text encode it with messages and meanings through the use of semiotics. When the audience receives a text, they then decode and identify these meanings through the signs and signifiers. Morley (1992, p. 53) explains that meaning in a text is generated through two main factors. The first factor is the way a text is encoded through semiotics.This can invite certain readings and block others. The second is the social background of the receiver, which can be studied sociologically. The interaction of these two constraining structures will define the notion that a text can be interpreted in an infinite number of individual ways. Stuart Hall’s work on the rol e of social positions in the interpretation of mass media texts also helps explain this. His work was based around the three different ways a viewer can decode a text. The first is the dominant reading.This is when the reader shares the text’s code and accepts the intended reading. The second is the negotiated reading, which is when the reader partly accepts the intended reading but not completely. The reader then modifies it in a way that reflects their own position, experience sand interests. The third is the oppositional reading, which is when the reader’s social situation causes them to oppose the dominant code. They understand the intended reading but don’t agree with the code and reject the intended meaning, causing them to develop their own interpretation of the text.On March 6th 1995, teen couple Ben Darras and Sarah Edmondson shot a local businessman in Oklahoma. They then drove to Louisiana where they also shot a store store clerk. After their arrest, the couple said that they had been taking acid and watching Natural Born Killers several times. Upon Darras’s arrest he also shouted the words â€Å"I’m a natural born killer man†. Since the release of Natural Born Killers it has been linked to 8 murders. Each of the murderers shared the same lower class social position, and passion for the film.What can Hall and Morley’s work tell us about how this film was decoded so differently from its intended meaning by these adolescents? Hall (1977, p. 182) explains that texts are polysemic, meaning they may be read differently by different people depending on their identity, cultural background and personal opinions. Traditionally in film, those who commit acts of violence are villains who get punished for their crimes, while the police are seen as heroes. In this film the police are violent; one being a murderer himself.Throughout the film, Mickey and Mallory slaughter without reason yet by the end of the film th ey gain sympathy and likeability from the audience. An oppressed lower class audience may see Mickey and Mallory as lower class heroes as they overcome the oppressing system. Some may sympathize and relate with Mallory's abusive upbringing. An example of this is shown in the film when Mickey and Mallory leave Mallory's house after murdering her parents, the wallpaper displayed is an open bird cage, signifying that she is now free.In this scene the fact that they have just murdered two people is completely overshadowed by Mallory’s escape from an abusive environment. The viewer’s own personal situation, experiences and beliefs heavily influence how they decode the message of this film. Each of the individuals who committed copycat crimes after watching Natural Born Killers came from lower class social backgrounds. This implies that the social conditions that the lower classes endure under capitalism have a direct relation to why these individuals received the opposition al reading of the text.Natural Born Killers dwells on the fact that the two protagonists come from a lower class family, are uneducated, and how capitalist society associates people in this situation with crime. In the film Mickey calls himself a ‘natural born killer’ as he was born into the lower class, therefore society assumes he is a natural born criminal. He explains, â€Å"I was thrown into a flaming pit of scum, forgotten by God. † In this instance, Mickey refers to society and the members of it collectively as ‘God’. The use of semiotics to express this point is quite strong.Signs such as the way Mickey and Mallory speak, the way they dress, how they are groomed and the families that they come from signify that both are a part of the lower class. Other important characters in the film, such as officer Scagnetti, warden McClusky and reporter Wayne Gale wear suits, speak well and are also well groomed. Several shots in the film such as Wayne Ga le trimming his nose hairs and McClusky combing his moustache are used to emphasize their appearance and social status. These characters are portrayed like this to signify that they are higher within the capitalist social hierarchy.All three seek control over Mickey and Mallory for personal gain, implying that the higher classes seek to control the lower class. As the film addresses the difference in occupation of classes in a capitalist society, it also addresses the aspiration levels of the lower class. As revealed previously, Mickey explains that society turned its back on him. He also states â€Å"I came from violence, it was in my blood. My dad had it, his dad had it. It’s just my fate. † Here Mickey is saying that he came from a lower class, as did his father and grandfather.He is also saying that to remain in this social status is just his ‘fate’, meaning the social norm. Hollingshead (2007, p. 285) explains that children have limited their horizons to the class horizon, and in the process they have unconsciously placed themselves in such a position that they will occupy the same levels as their parents. This being a direct effect of the capitalist ideology as Reissman (1953, p. 233) puts it, the proletarian can have no aspirations under capitalism, but instead must come to identify with their own class and aspire to an entirely different system of values. This entirely different ystem of values Reissman is referring to is that in many cases the lower class youth will pursue the quick rise to success and fame. In Natural Born Killers, Mickey and Mallory become international celebrities through their actions, they have fans and fame by taking the ‘short route’, regardless of the means used to get there. Williams and Mcshane (1993 p. 52) state that the lower class youth may be associated with and aspire to become a â€Å"policy king†: â€Å"I want to be a big shot†¦ have all of the guys look up to me. H ave a couple of lincolns, lots of broads and all of the coppers licking my shoes.As Natural Born Killers points the finger at the media for the glorification of violence, it also points a finger at capitalism for restraining the lower classes aspirations and confining them to a life of crime. Tshiwula (1998, p. 27) also shares this theory as she explains â€Å"capitalism is the root for the cause of much criminal behavior, particularly in crimes committed by the lower class. † Stuart Hall and David Morley’s work suggest that an individual’s social status can greatly influence how a text is decoded and the message they receive from it, regardless of the intended meaning.This suggests that people in a lower social status may see the antagonists as lower class heroes as they can relate to their situation. Semiotics in the film was used to signify the social gap between Mickey and Mallory, Wayne Gale, warden McClusky and officer Scagnetti. This explores the stereoty pes of social status in capitalist ideology. The film’s references to the lower class being confined to a life of crime and having restricted aspirations inform us that these factors are imposed by capitalism.Unfortunately, these points are still valid in modern society. Many people who come from low income families believe that having the occupation they desire is unachievable due to their social/financial status. This isn’t necessarily true, however people in this situation may think this due to what the rest of society thinks of them. Not only is the intended message of Natural Born Killers important in making people realize the media’s glorification of violence, but also the message of lower class stereotypes and how they affect the individuals within that class.This text also provides us with an extreme example of how a text can be decoded by different individuals. It’s safe to say that the oppositional reading of Natural Born Killers was a direct re sult of capitalist ideology and its influence on lower class individuals. References Hall, S. (1977) Culture, The Media and the ‘Ideological Effect’. America: Open University Hollingshead, A. (2007). Elmtown's Youth – The Impact of Social Classes on Adolescents. Chicago, America: Case Press Morley, D. (1992). Television Audiences and Cultural Studies.New York, America: Routledge Penn, A. (Director) Newman, D. (Writer) (1967). Bonnie and Clyde [Motion Picture]. America: Warner Bros. Pictures Reissman, L. (1953). American Sociological Review: Volume 18. America: American Sociological Association Stone, O. (Director/Producer) Tarantino, Q. (Writer) (1994). Natural Born Killers [Motion Picture]. America: Warner Bros. Pictures Tshiwula, L. (1998). Crime and Delinquency. Pretoria, South Africa: Kagiso Publishers Williams, F. P. , & McShane, M. D (1993). Criminology Theory. America: Anderson Publishing Co

Boyfriends and Dating Essays

Boyfriends and Dating Essays Boyfriends and Dating Essay Boyfriends and Dating Essay Essay Topic: Black Boy Orlando When was younger my dad would always say dont I know just tanning or kissing a boy could get me pregnant? To some people it would probably be strange for them to read because they are not use to that type Of life style were one has to hide their relationship with an opposite sex from their parents. In America, its common for adults to tell their parents who they are dating. If I try as much as to tell my dad that I have a boyfriend, I would probably receive a slap across my face. Between my dad and my mom, my mom understood the fact that at a point in my life, I would date at the right time which is when I am mature enough. But my dad doesnt understand that t all. At the age of 13, I was living with both my parents when my dad moved to America. So was left back home with my mother, brothers and sisters. At this age, I wasnt old enough to start dating and I was still in primary school. My mind wasnt on boys and I didnt know much about having a boyfriend. During my first year of high school in Africa, boys started approaching me and was 15 years old at the time. It might have seemed a little bit too early for me to be dating but most of the girls my age or even younger were dating. I was living with my mother since, my dad had moved to America, so it was easier for me to date because my mom wasnt strict. She would let me go out, but always told me that I couldnt keep late nights which was awesome. I could do all that but I still wasnt allowed to date. In my second year, of high school, I attended the same school as my boyfriend which was when we actually started dating and he was my very first boyfriend. I had no problem spending time with him because we attended the same school, and saw him every week days but there came a point, when we wanted to spend time together after school which means I had to come up tit a lie to tell my mom in order to leave the house and come back late without her complaining. So I lied, and said was going to study for my exams. Other times, my boyfriend would come to my house like he was visiting my brother but instead he was visiting me. When moved to America, didnt start dating until my freshman year in high school. I dated my boyfriend for a year and six months without my dad having any knowledge of it. Since my dad didnt want me to date or interact with boys, nor talk Of having a male friend; I had to come up with an idea that would at least allow e to see him from time to time. Sometimes when I would leave the house, would tell my dad am going to the public library. At that time, I didnt have a computer at home so I would use the library as an excuse to go out and spent time with my boyfriend. Other times, I would lie and say that am staying after school, but instead I went and spent the rest of the day with my boyfriend. Just recently, like lasted month, on the 9th of august, my boyfriend came to visit me from Maryland. My dad didnt know anything about the secret except for my brothers and sisters. He came as if he was miming to see my brother but he actually came to see me. One grateful day, I came back from work early and I and my boyfriend had talked about going on a dinner date. Gratefully, when I got home he told me that my dad had gone to work and he wont be back until 1 1 pm and was very excited. Around pm, he and I got ready and drove to T. G. I. Fridays. We ate, talked, laughed and had a blasted. We headed home not knowing my dad was back. All through this time, we wanted to get back home before he did, but to our greatest surprise he was already home before we got there. I opened the door with my keys thinking that my dad wasnt back yet, and that was when my little sister ran to the living room, and whispered to me dad Was back and he is in the kitchen. She told me to hurry up which I did. While doing so, I took off my heels and handed them to her, in order for my dad not to see them. My boyfriend was still standing outside surprised and that was when I told him to hurry and come inside. As soon as he walked in, my dad also walked out from the kitchen, and asked us where we coming from? I lied and said that I took my boyfriend to go get something to eat. He also lied and said, he doesnt eat the food we cooked and my dad believed us. I was so relieved I have come to realize that my dad love being lied to because every time tell him the truth, he always had something to say or start giving unnecessary advice. Than for me to tell my dad have a boyfriend I rather keep it a secret so I wont receive a slap. I have come to realize that having a boyfriend would make me have a better understanding of life and how boys think. Also it would be a shorter road leading me towards finding my own husband someday. So dont see anything wrong in having a boyfriend like my dad thinks. Essay #2 Motherland. In life, everybody has come across a place they will remember for the rest of their lives. In this world, there are a lot of different places one could come across, and just totally fall in love with, but my situation is different from some people, because I havent really visited nap. Where except for my homeland, and the United States of America, Orlando Florida to be exact in which I am located at as of today. In my life, the one and only place I would never forget about is my country Cameroon. Cameroon is located in the West Central part of Africa which its close to Nigeria. It is a bilingual country which means they speak English, and French. It is known as the republic of Cameroon in English and rapplique du Cameroon in French. Cameroon was annex by Britain and France which gave the main reason why its bilingual. It has a mountain located in the city of BEA, and a national youth day on the 11th of February, and also a national day on the 20th of May. Cameroon is also known for its great football team (soccer). Cameroon is great in agriculture because people mostly plant and arrives their own food, so by this the people of the land save money. There is a race called the mountain race of hope which takes place in BEA each year. BEA happens to be the city was born, and raised up in. My country is very unique to me because this was the place I had my first education, and it was the same place I had my very first experience of having a boyfriend. This is the place all my families grow up in, and still live until today. Ivied in Cameroon for fourteen years, so that means had been through different experiences all through my life as a teenager. My country has multiple of efferent languages, tribes, and cultures in which have grown to love, and appreciate. Learn new things every day when I lived in Cameroon; I learned four different languages which are English, French, my dialect, and Pidgin English. I am mostly fluent in English, and pi dgin. Was a hard working person back home in Cameroon, because we had child labor which means we went to the farm, and worked, and plant crops with our parents, and also in school. We didnt have people to clean for us at school because we had to do it ourselves, and it helped me to know a little bit about life, and what it has to offer. This place is special to me a lot, because this is where I first learned how to cook for my family, and also came to love dancing. I used to dance for my school, Inter Comprehensive High School. This was actually the very first place I loved dancing, because it makes me happy. I used to perform for my school on the national youth week which is held every year all across the country. I also used to dance on talent shows, because I was really good at what I do. In my neighborhood, and school was popular, because people knew me as a great dancer. One of the things that motivated me to dance as the music because I loved the rhythm, and how it makes me feel as a whole. The music from my country is very interesting and unique to me, because the music has its own beat, and its mix with different cultures and traditions, and its hard to find in other places. Many people might think getting a whooping is a very terrible thing but its not that bad when its necessary and place children on the right position. I am saying all this out of experience because in my country its like a tradition to beat up a kid when they do something wrong or disrespect an elderly person. All through my life, n my country I have gotten whooped for several different reasons and it got to a point where I just got used to IL One day, in primary school, I had morning classes, and my teacher had taught the whole class and she decided to ask questions, and when she asked me I didnt know the answer to the question, and she used a very long and large whip and whoop me all over my body like I was an animal. I was very upset to the point where I wanted to walk out of the class but didnt because would have received more beating. Another time, was when was in secondary school with my elder brother and our English teacher asked my brother a question about what we had learned in the previous class and he didnt know, so the teacher slapped him across his face twice, and I felt so embarrassed that she had hit him in front of me, so I made sure never get slapped by her because my elder brother had received five fingers on his face from her slaps, and I definitely didnt want to be in his position as long as I was in her class. Other times, when get whooped would be when I disrespect my parents, came home late, and also in school when made noise in class which I always ended up being a victim f, and I actually didnt mind, because was getting used to it. All through growing up, my experience now is way more different from my experience back then, because before I was in my country Cameroon, and now am in U. S. A. In my country, I never had a part time job while going to school like I do now in the United States. I used to wear uniforms to school being neither government nor private. During my high school and middle years in America never paid for school or textbooks and I also had free lunch in school which I loved every part of. When looking back at the whooping part I totally hate it, cause there is no such thing in America, and I have become used to that experienced and I love it and have better opportunities in America than in my country. I cant picture a day in my life where I will ever forget about my country Cameroon because this is where I was born, and raced by both my parents. Also this is where all my families live at, and most of them are still there until today. This was the same place my parents grow up in. I will always love my country no matter the circumstances that I faced there because this was the one place I had all my first experiences as a child, and it makes me ho I am. Essay #3 Dear Riddled Scott, When watching the film Life in a Day I came to realize that I can relate to some Of the people around the world. Things that happened in the film have shown me how we all turn to live our lives on daily bases. What a person can be doing today someone else in another country could be doing that same thing in another country. It has also brought a great meaning in their lives, and has a great meaning in our daily lives. It shows that in life, not everything comes easy one individual has to work truly hard to get things accomplish. Most people that would come across this film would be really touch and could definitely relate to it There are many cultures, and different diversities in the world where people love, and hate certain things. People have their own personalities, and also view things in many different ways, and this film has done just that to prove it. There are so many cultures out there where some require the woman to kneel for the man every morning, and they enjoy it and some require the man to kneel for the woman. In some places, the people plant their own crops and do their own farming and it reminds me of when as back home in Africa me and my family always used to go to the farm and plant and harvest our crops and that is how most African live in order to save money and by doing all this it made me more active and hardworking but here in America there is different so have somewhat become lazy in certain things and I am a lady wish isnt good because life isnt a cup of tea one has to go out of their way sometimes to get want they want and be successful. Everyone is this world have a fear of something at a point their lives. There was points in the film were a lady said she fears of not losing weight because he was fat (Riddled Scott), and there are many people out there that feel the same way as her. Even though it is said that we should accept our bodies TFH way they are and not to worry about what people say (Imitation), some people will agree With this statement and live up to it but some still wont because they are being reminded everyday of their lives that they are fat or over weight. I dont really worry about my belly fat but, I am being reminded everyday by a friend that my belly is fat, and that I need to lose it which makes me worry about my body, and it makes me think about my physical appearance by wanting to lose my belly fat every day. I have come to understand that when people are reminded about certain things all the time it wont help them, but it will bring them down instead because the people from outside judging them by not really knowing the true meaning oftener situation so they just go by what they see and react on that which is wrong. Some people in our world today, believe they know everything. They know better than everyone else and they always want people to always listen to them and view things their own way but in reality things dont always happen as one expect it to. My dad is a perfect example for this type of people. I have lived with my dad since the day was born I totally know the type of person he is and how he reacts to things. I know my dad could be right sometimes but not all the time like he thinks like it is said the man who thinks he knows does not yet know what knowing is(Imitation), my dad feels like just because he is more experienced and older he understands and know everything that is out there in the society. To my dads eyes we are kids so that means we are never right. One day I was sitting at the computer at my house with my brothers friend hat we have known for a little while and we was watching a movie and it was starting to get a little late and my dad started saying how its late that we should go to bed just because of my brothers friend so did as my dad had said and wasnt expecting any accusation from him because I know didnt do anything wrong. He started saying that I have something to do with my brothers friend and that was crossing my legs underneath his and when we saw him coming we moved but really we were just sitting across from each other and there was a huge gap between us so it got me really upset that my ad could just accuse me falsely because he thinks he knows everything. Since, there are different cultures, and also different views on religion and HTH god people believe in. Member one day, when my mom was preaching the word of God to this lady to live her sinful ways, and follow the ways of God, but she looked at my mom like she was stupid and didnt know what SSH. Was talking about. Also she didnt believe what she was preaching to her that there is a God, and the world would soon come to an end. My mother told her to leave her sinful ways, and follow the ways of God. Instead of the lady stewing she started asking my mother why she follows the ways of God. What makes her think it would be better for her to leave the way she is living to follow God, and my mom told her that God will make her life better, and that God will be there for her in times of her sorrows and troubles. She total refused to see where my mom was coming from saying she wouldnt Stop living in the ways of the world to follow God. l fear for the people that dont want to live in the ways of God and later end up going to hell (Riddled Scott), if a kid can have this in her mind for all the people in the world why can one errors feel this way from themselves? Life is too short because one never knows what the future might bring. A man was free from a cave and saw how beautiful the world was and came back to tell his friends that stayed back in the cave what he saw but they all didnt believe him(Potato), this all go back to when my mom was trying to convince that lady that God way is the best. This also brought me back memories of when my boyfriend loosed his dad. He was in shock and denial that his dad is gone. He couldnt believe it until when they told him they are making his dad funeral that was reality hits hat truly he has loosed his dad and the worst part of all he couldnt even see him for one last time because he is here America. I have come to learn a lot from watching this film. Life is too short because one never knows what might hit them. Like it was said in the film 18 people were crushed to death at a crowded concert (Riddled Scott), this people didnt know they were going to lost their lives that day, but they did which was terrifying. We all live in a difficult world, and nothing come easy. There are lots Of things we can never understand in life. Everything is too complicated or men to be able to understand(Imitation), there are some places where people dont even have a place to sleep, enough food to eat or feed their families, so I believe people should appreciate what they have because what someone have another person somewhere may not have. Work Cited Plato. The Myth of the Cave. 75 Reading Plus. De. Santa V. Busbies and Charlotte Smith. 9th De. New York: McGraw-Hill, Bibb. C. 343-346. Print. Lain De Button. Imitation on Self-Esteem: A Guide to HappinessYouth. 23 May 2012. Web. 12 septet 2012 Life in a Day. Kevin Macdonald. Aridly Scott, 24 July 2011 . DVD Essay Change in America In life, people are constantly going to dislike each other in some reason or another, but ifs never worse than being racists to a fellow human being. When growing up, I never knew anything about racism because in Africa, where I came from, we are all black, so there wasnt any reason for us to be racist to one another. Had constantly learned about slavery, but I never recognized it was related to racism. Being racist can actually leads to discrimination which was exactly what Martin Luther King talked about in his speech l have a dream. He desired the blacks in America to be treated equal s the white were being treated. He didnt want the blacks to be left out in the cold in their own country because of the color of their skin. Kings dream of equality and opportunity for African-American has been fulfilled in American after a long run. Today, numerous people can say Martin Lathers speech was by far one of the best speeches they have ever come across because he was one of those people that stood for what he believed in, and many people admired him for that. Throughout history, blacks had gone through a lot of difficulties beginning from when they were slaves, and to when they were been beating p, killed, locked up, and also to when they were sitting at the back of the bus All Of this remained what Martin Luther was fighting to stop, and also persuade the white Americans about. Since, kings passed his speech at the Lincoln memorial most things that usually happened back in the decades have actually come to past. In the decades, when king was still alive, the blacks were being treated worse than how they are being treated today, and would say there is a big difference. The situation Of black Americans has changed rapidly because blacks were not allowed to interact with the whites after all, and if they were caught talking to the whites they get involved in so much trouble so this was one of the reasons why the blacks stayed out of the whites path. Everything has changed now because blacks and whites now interact with each other on different occasions. Blacks and whites can now date each other now when they couldnt before. Blacks have freedom of speech, and can also vote when it wasnt possible back in the decades. It has changed to a point where we now have a black first president after so many years. Martin Luther king was said this will be the day when all of Gods hillier will be able to sing with new meaning my country, its of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing: land where my father died, land of the pilgrims pride, from every mountain-side let freedom ring. (Kings 435) with this being said the kings dream has come true because freedom has ring in America, and the blacks can do so much more they couldnt do in decades. I believed the king dream came to true because the blacks have actually gotten their freedom after all this years. One day, when I got off work I went to check out the other stores in the shopping center and I came past this one store and away some shoes that caught my eyes so I said to myself to go and check the shoes out to see if I could get it for my boyfriend and as Soon as I worked in the store this one Spanish looking lady approved me and asked me if everything is upright and I said yes and then she walked few inches left from me, but silently waited near to make sure dont steal anything and was the only black in the store at that particular time. There was one guy on the register and I presumed what the customer wanted he couldnt do the transaction so he called the lady and so when the lady went to the registers he asked the boy to stand on the aisle was in, and later she said they should place the camera on aisle two which was where I stood. So he did exactly what the lady asked of him and, was looking straight at me when they had other people in the store but, since they were not black it didnt bother them as much I did when I walked in. Uses they considered the blacks as the stealers, so that was when encounter my first racial act. Another time, the same situation happened to me, and some friends in the same store. As soon as we walked in the store, the man that stood by the door didnt allowed us get half way inside the store, and he said he will call the security on us, so we all got upset left the store.