Anthropology Notes Free Essays

Anth 100 Sept 15 2010 Galileo †¢ Telescope + objectification o Not just the vision to outer space, but you could also look back on us o Previous the only way to explain supernatural things was from the bible, when your trying to look at planets with an telescope you explain them as objects not as supernatural. o That being said the idea of looking back at the earth would be looking at everything as an object: thus objectifying everything o Saying there is universal laws that justify everything the entire social structure of god, pope, church would be changed, there was now more Francis Bacon 1561 †¢ Describes that everything is their own object and you can understand what they do †¢ Idol Market place: are the misperceptions are the results of redirect and gossip †¢ Idol of the theatre: are the mistaken belief systems, transmitted from one generation to the next through superstition ritual †¢ Idol of the school: the notion that there is an abstract principle that perceives understanding of the world †¢ â€Å"We need to observe things in there pure truth† †¢ Knowledge system that is not attached to a belief a religion Idols of the Tribe are deceptive beliefs inherent in the mind of man, and therefore belonging to the whole of the human race. They are abstractions in error arising from common tendencies to exaggeration, distortion, and disproportion. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthropology Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus men gazing at the stars perceive the order of the world, but are not content merely to contemplate or record that which is seen. They extend their opinions, investing the starry heavens with innumerable imaginary qualities. In a short time these imaginings gain dignity and are mingled with the facts until the compounds become inseparable. This may explain Bacon’s epitaph which is said to be a summary of his whole method. It reads, â€Å"Let all compounds be dissolved. † †¢ Idols of the Cave are those which arise within the mind of the individual. This mind is symbolically a cavern. The thoughts of the individual roam about in this dark cave and are variously modified by temperament, education, habit, environment, and accident. Thus an individual who dedicates his mind to some particular branch of learning becomes possessed by his own peculiar interest, and interprets all other learning according to the colors of his own devotion. The chemist sees chemistry in all things, and the courtier ever present at the rituals of the court unduly emphasizes the significance of kings and princes. †¢ Idols of the Marketplace are errors arising from the false significance bestowed upon words, and in this classification Bacon anticipated the modern science of semantics. According to him it is the popular belief that men form their thoughts into words in order to communicate their opinions to others, but often words arise as substitutes for thoughts and men think they have won an argument because they have out talked their opponents. The constant impact of words variously used without attention to their true meaning only in turn condition the understanding and breed fallacies. Words often betray their own purpose, obscuring the very thoughts they are designed to express. †¢ Idols of the Theater are those which are due to sophistry and false learning. These idols are built up in the field of theology, philosophy, and science, and because they are defended by learned groups are accepted without question by the masses. When false philosophies have been cultivated and have attained a wide sphere of dominion in the world of the intellect they are no longer questioned. False superstructures are raised on false foundations, and in the end systems barren of merit parade their grandeur on the stage of the world. Enlightenment †¢ The age of the metric system: abstract principle of a decimal system, anyone can use it †¢ The English system is assigning things in thought of your church/religion †¢ Lay these principles out in his book the Novum Orgaon †¢ The Objective Method â€Å"You can use the natural world in antastic ways if you view the world from an objective measure† †¢ Capitalize from the Objective Method Step 1) Start to catalogue everything †¢ Diderot started the Encyclopedia o Start to put lots of different languages math’s and other intellectual things in order o Doing this is actually challenging the system of knowledge and order, at that time the mona rchy †¢ Linaeus: Book Systemae Naturae, categorize every single species on the planet o Kingdom o Phylum o Class o Order Genus o Species †¢ Origin †¢ Evolutionism o Starts to explain the orgin of everything, not just a instance aperience from god o Spencer introduces the notion of society as a social organism ? Also suggests that is have a cohesion to the whole of society ? Social organism evolves through time from less complex to more complex ? Man of science giving a scientific authority to social issues o Luis Henry Morgan ? Rail and mining industries, lawyer Monogenesis, that all people originates from a common ancestor, controversial, plantation owner doesn’t want to be from common origin from slave ? Book: Ancient Society explain differences among societies but at the same they share a common evolution in their society †¢ Savagery (lowest)people directly dependent or fire bows spears and pottery †¢ Barbarism Heard livestock and agriculture, beyo nd hunter gatherer †¢ Civilization People who use alphabets, written language These stage is not qualitatively different they share the same ancestor: difference stages of a historical development †¢ To get from stage to stage you must have technological development †¢ Liberal view but gives the legitimacy that technology is the be all and we will force our technology and ideas on people How to cite Anthropology Notes, Essay examples Anthropology notes Free Essays Clan becomes important 1922 â€Å"An account of native enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. † BOOK Synoptic chart â€Å"†¦ to collect concrete data, and accordingly I took a village census, wrote down genealogies, drew up plans, and collected the terms of kinship. But all this remained dead material, which led no further into the understanding of real native mentality or behavior†¦ † (Malinowski, B. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthropology notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1922) Verandah anthropologist Malinowski is saying in order to do real anthropological research, we need to be in the environment Participant-observation â€Å"Social anthropology began in the Trobriand Islands in 1914† o Leach, Edmund R. Armchair (at home) †+ Verandah (in a distant country – Rivers) †+ Participant Observation (observing and participating in everyday field settings – Malinowski, Evans-Pritchard) Malinowski – left England, not armchair Notes and Querries Tylor was thinking of developing Armchair o When most researchers were at home It kept changing After Malinowski, the notes and Querries book was viewed by other people He wanted to help people to make sure they are documenting things clearly There’s a focus on what to collect, what cultural content Querries about â€Å"string† (p. 286) The process of doing anthropological fieldwork o The how of anthropology o There weren’t too many other sources of guidance o People still needed guidance on what to collect If there is a yearly cycle, you can see the whole thing Evans-Pritchard Didn’t think notes and querries was helpful Theorizing culture o Video that we saw â€Å"it was soon clear that if I could gain a full understanding of the meaning of this word, I should have the key to Zande philosophy’ (from the video Strange Beliefs) facts in themselves are meaningless â€Å"even an idiot can produce a new tact† o thing is to product a new idea relationship between theory and data o between theory and observation these two are linked one cannot study anything without the other â€Å"in social anthropology you are studying not Just as an observer but also as a articipant. You are not Just a member of the audience: you are also on the stage. To understand the Nuer you have to go to learn to think as a Nuer, to feel as a Nuer, in a kind of way to be a Nuer. And this can’t be done by any kind of scientific technique. And this is why I think the anthropologist is in a peculiar position because he is trying to interpret what he sees, not Just with the head, but with his whole personality, with his heart as well. † (from video Strange Beliefs) Levy-Bruhl Primitive Mentality How to cite Anthropology notes, Papers

Corporate Social Responsibility And Access - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about Corporate Social Responsibility And Access. Answer: Corporate Social Responsibility states that every business has a responsibility towards the society whether it is environmental, social or even towards its stakeholders including employees, suppliers, shareholders and community at large (Suliman, Al-Khatib, Thomas, 2016). Corporate social responsibility states that every business has responsibility to contribute towards the social well being of the society at large. Nowadays most of the company are compulsorily required to follow and fulfil their social responsibility towards the society in which it operates (Cheng, Ioannou, Serafeim, 2014). The company which is selected for this assignment is Altech Chemical Ltd which has its headquarters in Australia and it is also listed in the Australian stock exchange (Altechchemicals.com, 2018). The corporate responsibilities of a business organisation are given in points below: The main responsibility of any business organisation is to contribute to the needs of the society which may be generation of employment and income generation for the society as well as development of the business. Some of the business takes responsibility of environmental issues of the society such as planting of more trees, management and use of society resources in an effective manner. Most of the chemical and oil companies are responsible for waste management. In other words such types of companies are responsible to dispose off the waste created by them in a safe manner. Most of the time such wastes are hazardous in nature and therefore these waste must be dealt with in a safe manner. A business can engage in charitable work in order to show the society that the company is following its corporate responsibility toward the society. The charitable work of the business can be donations to public organisations, schools and charitable institutions. Altech Chemical ltd has to follow its corporate social responsibility as every business in Australia has to strictly follow corporate social responsibility. The corporate social responsibility of Altech Chemical ltd is the management of waste which the company generates in production of alumina (Altechchemicals.com, 2018). The hazardous and bio degradeable are dumped in a pit where there is no chance of leakage to the ground water or else it will lead to ground water population. The company is also engaged in exploration activities which naturally disrupt an area and its surroundings. However the company has license for exploration activity from the government of Australia. The responsibility of the Altech Chemical ltd is to ensure that the company develops the area where the company had conducted exploration activities (Altechchemicals.com, 2018). The company will be recovering the area and planting trees and levelling the ground soil. Most of the companies in Australia need to follow corporate social responsibilities as it is mandatory in most of the countries. It is the responsibility of the business to ensure that they are contributing to the needs of the society. (Bu?i?nien?, Kazlauskait?, 2012). Basically the society gives the power to such business to operate and in return the society expects that the needs of the society are given priority. However most of the businesses do not consider such responsibilities as important. They just incur such expenses in order to show the public that the company is incurring some expenses in Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR). Such companies consider this CSR expenses as unnecessary expenses (Brammer, Jackson, Matten, 2012). However some of the companies follow such policies properly. Altech Chemical Company has shown exploration and development expenses in the balance sheet at $571904 for the period ending on 30 June 2016. The figure of exploration and development ex pense consist of restoration costs which the company incurs on the sites of exploration by the company (Altechchemicals.com, 2018). As per Milton Friedman, the one and only responsibility of a business is to use the resources available to the organisation in order to increase the profits of the organisation while facing competition and without using any deception or fraudulent means. Most of the corporate businesses agree with this view that the primary concern of the business is to earn profits and maximise the wealth of its shareholders. However due to strict norms introduced by most of the countries corporate organisations nowadays have to follow corporate social responsibilities. Some of the businesses have incorporated CSR strategies in their policies to ensure that the corporate responsibilities of the business are taken care of and the accountability for the same is accepted by the business. CSR strategies not only demonstrate to the society that the business care for them but also follow sustainable development. In order to understand how CSR strategies can bring about sustainable development, the first t hing that is needed to be understood is the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development can be described as the development which looks after the needs of present generations without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Holden, Linnerud, Banister, 2017). The concept of sustainable development is important as it is the only way to save the natural resources for the future generations. CSR strategies consist of activities like environmental restorations, charity works, development of schools and hospitals and waste management. Corporate houses have responsibilities to ensure that the corporate social responsibilities of the business are efficiently managed and implemented. If business follow their corporate social responsibilities in efficient manner there is a genuine chance that the society can stay on the path of sustainable development (Barkemeyer et al., 2014).For this purpose the company holds various exploration licences from the Australian government and the company is also responsible for the rehabilitation of the area which was under mining or exploration. The exploration and development costs as shown in the balance sheet of Altech Chemicals ltd signifies that the companys exploration expenses are capitalised as it is directly associated with the production activity of the business (Altechchemicals.com, 2018). The exploration and development cost as shown in the balance sheet of the company which includes restoration cost of the area where the exploration activity took place. Thus the company undertakes activities which are related to the restoration of the environment and safe dumping of the waste which is generated in the process of production of alumina. Looking after the environment from where such businesses draw natural resources is definitely steps which the business takes towards sustainable development. Profit maximisation refers to concept where the business is focused on earning as profit as it can for the business. The business primary focus is when the business strategy is profit maximisation is to earn as much profit as possible for the business (Cao et al., 2013). In such a case the company uses all kind of strategies which will allow the business to earn as much profit as possible. A business normally earns more profits in order to satisfy the owners or shareholders of the business. In other words a business earns profit out of which a part of the profit is distributed among the shareholders. As the business earns more profits the business can distribute more profits as dividends to its shareholders. With passing time business and the world realised that the business are not just responsible to the shareholders but all the stakeholders of the business (Seuring, Gold, 2013). Stakeholders are individuals who are directly or indirectly affected by the activities of the companie s and hence the companies should be accountable to them as well. The stakeholders include employees, credits, banks, investors and anyone who is affected by the activities of the business (Lawrence, Weber, 2014). Nowadays most of the companies recognises that the company is accountable to all the stakeholders. In recent times the profit maximisation concept has been replaced by wealth maximisation concept and profit solely is not considered as a factor of performance of the business (Wilson, Plumley, Ramchandani, 2013). The business considers other performance indicators such cash flows in the business, companys reputation in the market, stock prices of the company in the market (Cho, Lee, Pfeiffer, 2013). Positive cash flow shows that the company has well established liquidity structure and positive cash flows show that the business is developing. The companys reputation in the market is also considered to be an indicator of the performance of the company. If the company is perf orming well then the reputation of the company will be good. The company will then have loyalty in the shareholder market. Results also show that a company which is performing well are always awarded with high share prices. Altech Chemical Companys financial statement shows that the company is not performing well as the company has incurred a net loss of $ 1233076 (Altechchemicals.com, 2018). The companys cash flow statement shows that the company has negative cash flow from operating activities in 2016 (Altechchemicals.com, 2018). This shows that the company is having difficulty in the operations. Reference Altech Chemicals Limited - High Purity Alumina Producer. (2018).Altechchemicals.com. Retrieved 11 January 2018 Barkemeyer, R., Holt, D., Preuss, L., Tsang, S. (2014). What happened to the developmentin sustainable development? Business guidelines two decades after Brundtland.sustainable development,22(1), 15-32. Brammer, S., Jackson, G., Matten, D. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-economic review,10(1), 3-28. Bu?i?nien?, I., Kazlauskait?, R. (2012). The linkage between HRM, CSR and performance outcomes.Baltic Journal of Management,7(1), 5-24. Cao, J., Hwang, K., Li, K., Zomaya, A. Y. (2013). Optimal multiserver configuration for profit maximization in cloud computing.ieee transactions on parallel and distributed systems,24(6), 1087-109. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I., Serafeim, G. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), 1-23. Cho, S. Y., Lee, C., Pfeiffer, R. J. (2013). Corporate social responsibility performance and information asymmetry.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(1), 71-83. Holden, E., Linnerud, K., Banister, D. (2017). The imperatives of sustainable development.Sustainable Development,25(3), 213-226. Lawrence, A. T., Weber, J. (2014).Business and society: Stakeholders, ethics, public policy. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Seuring, S., Gold, S. (2013). Sustainability management beyond corporate boundaries: from stakeholders to performance.Journal of Cleaner Production,56, 1-6. Suliman, A. M., Al-Khatib, H. T., Thomas, S. E. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility.Corporate Social Performance: Reflecting on the Past and Investing in the Future, 15. Wilson, R., Plumley, D., Ramchandani, G. (2013). The relationship between ownership structure and club performance in the English Premier League.Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal,3(1), 19-36.

Mexican National Flag And Crest Essays - Vexillology,

Mexican National Flag And Crest The Mexican National Flag and Emblem The Mexican National Flag and its crest are symbols that represent the nation. Its origination can be traced back to the period of independence, when Mexico broke free from European foreign rule. The history of the crest or emblem of the flag is based on the representation of the founding of the land were Tenochtitlan was built. According to legend the Aztec God of War had given them a sign in which they were to build their Empire. The sign was an eagle perched on a cactus that would be tearing apart a serpent. After a long journey traveling from Aztlan, which is currently Nayarit, the Aztecs found what they had been searching for in the valley of Mexico, the eagle on the cactus on the shores of Lake Anahuac, on a small island. The sign given by Huitzilopochtli (the Aztec God of War) is reproduced in the emblem of the National Flag. The renovation of life to the indigenous people is depicted in the eagle, in left profile, standing up and perched on a nopal cactus. The eagle is resting on its left claw while holding a rattlesnake with its right claw and griping the other portion of the snake with its beak as if ready to tear it apart. The nopal cactus on which the eagle stands is emerging from an islet, which is a small island. The cactus contains red cactus fruit (tunas), which represents the human heart to the Aztecs. The national emblem also contains a symbol of a republic along with the pre-Hispanic codices (manuscripts such as symbols). The republic is symbolized in the lower part of the emblem containing two garlands joined by a three colored ribbon, on its left is oak and on its right is laurel. The use of the banners and ribbons can be dated back to ancient Mexican history. Evidence shows that the Az tecs, Tlaxcaltecans, Tepenecas and other tribes used banners with various symbols to identify themselves with their government or state. Prior to the establishment of the Mexican National Flag, the colonial period used emblems of the monarchs to represent the Spanish Territory. Spaniards were accustomed to using their own pendants and standards however; they used nothing to represent the colonial nation as a whole. Mexico began using banners during the period of independence when Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla started the independence movement in September 15, 1810. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla adopted the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe from his sanctuary and placed it on the armys flag. Shortly after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the supreme congress reunited in Michoacan in 1815 where three flags were created, one of war, one of parliament, and one of commerce. The flag of war had blue and white blocks surrounding the flag outline with red with an eagle on the center standing on a cactus. This flag was used a lot during many of the battles that helped sustain the liberty of the nation. Other leaders of the independence movement also used their own flags, which contained the colors green, white, and red. Later on Vicente Guerrero and Augustine de Iturbide joined forces to declare Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy, and on February 24, 1821, on which they published the Iguala Plan. The people who were currently living in Mexico (Spaniards, Creoles, Indians and Mestizos) were to be known as citizens of Mexico, (Mexicans). Iturbide then used the colors green, white, and red to depict the flag of the new nation. The colors were shown in three diagonal fractions, one of them red with a white star on it, another green with a red star on it and the other section white with a green star on it. In the center a gold imperial crown with the words Independence, Religion, and Union shown around it. The color white symbolized religion, the green independence, and the red union. This flag was later called the Bandera de Las Tres Garantias. In 1821 the colors of the flag were used in different order. During the Provisional Government the order of the three colored sections of the flag were to be used in vertical positions with the order of the colors to be

The Scope and Health of the African Rainforest

The Scope and Health of the African Rainforest The vast African rainforest stretches across much of the central African continent, encompassing the following countries in its woods: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo, Cote dIvoire (Ivory Coast),  Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Mauritania,  Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger,  Nigeria,  Rwanda, Senegal, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,  Somalia, Sudan,  Tanzania, Togo,  Uganda, Zambia,  and  Zimbabwe. Degradation Except for the Congo Basin, the tropical rainforests of Africa have been largely depleted by commercial exploitation: logging and conversion for agriculture. In West Africa, nearly 90% of the original rainforest is gone. The remainder is heavily fragmented and in a degraded state, being poorly used. Especially problematic in Africa is desertification and conversion of rainforests to erodible agriculture and grazing lands. To counteract this trend, the World Wildlife Fund and the United Nations have put a number of global initiatives in place. Details About the Rainforests Status By far, the largest number of countries with rainforests are located in one geographical section of the world- the Afrotropical region. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) indicates that these countries,  mainly in West and Central Africa, are mostly poor with populations that live at the subsistence level. Most of the tropical rainforests  of Africa exist in the Congo (Zaire) River Basin, though remnants also are present throughout Western Africa in a sorry state due to the plight of poverty, which encourages subsistence agriculture and firewood harvesting. This realm is dry and seasonal when compared to the other areas, and the outlying portions of this rainforest are steadily becoming a desert. Over 90%  of West Africas original forest has been lost over the last century and only a small part of what remains qualifies as closed forest. Africa lost the highest percentage of rainforests during the 1980s of any other tropical region. During 1990–95 the annual rate of total deforestation in Africa was nearly 1%. In the whole of Africa, for every 28 trees cut down, only one tree is replanted. Challenges and Solutions According to rainforest expert Rhett Butler, who wrote the book A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face: The outlook for  the regions rainforests  is not promising. Many countries have agreed in principle to conventions of biodiversity and forest preservation, but in  practice, these concepts of sustainable forestry are not enforced. Most governments lack the funds and technical know-how to make these projects a reality.Funding for most conservation projects comes from foreign sectors and 70-75% of forestry in the region is funded by external resources....Additionally, a population growth rate exceeding 3% annually, combined with the poverty of rural peoples, makes it difficult for the government to control local subsistence clearing and hunting. An economic downturn in important parts of the world has many African nations re-examining their forest product harvesting policies. African and international organizations alike have initiated local programs addressing the sustainable management of rainforests. These programs are showing some potential but have had minimal effect to date. The United Nations is putting some pressure on African governments to abandon tax incentives for practices that encourage deforestation. Ecotourism and bioprospecting  are  believed to have potential as they add much or more value to local economies when compared with wood products.

Answer question Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Answer question - Coursework Example Moreover, his preference towards ‘Air Jordan’ sneakers may be biased given that the brand is associated with his name. This may be true. The appeal to authority is legitimate. Joe’s views regarding the movie are his own speculative views regarding the movie after watching it. Moreover, the opinion given is honest and non-biased given that there exists a level of trust between the two friends. This argument is fallacious. Even though the scientists have an expert authority regarding other planets, there has been no evidence to prove that life does exist on other planets. In this regard, this claim is rather speculative since the scientists are still hoping to find proof of existence of life on other planets. This is not true. The appeal to authority is fallacious given that the individual expressing this opinion does not have an expert authority regarding all beautiful women in America. Moreover, there is no proof that all women from America participated in the contest. In this regard, there is a possibility that there are far more beautiful women than Vanna in America. This claim may not be true. This argument is fallacious given that the appeal to authority, the opponents, may not be trustworthy and valid. In this regard, the opponents may have inflated the figures regarding the number of protestors at the rally. For each of the following arguments, indicate whether it is an appeal to popular opinion, an appeal to tradition, or an appeal to emotion. (The argument might fit into more than one of these categories. If so, explain why.) Then determine whether it is fallacious, and why. The statement is an appeal to popular opinion. The argument is fallacious given that the appeal to authority is biased in its own favor. In this regard, the residents of United States are biased in favoritism of their own country. Furthermore, the residents have not provided a basis for comparison on life in other countries to justify United

Research Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Article Critique - Essay Example The purpose statement is concentric upon using the research that was performed as a means of drawing inference on the way in which elderly abuse is exhibited throughout the current model and seeking to ameliorate it utilizing the indicators that were provided. The article was able to note several key insights with respect to the data which was discussed and presented. The first of these had to do with the fact that elderly abuse was not solely contingent upon the overall amount of money that the facility or its care cost. Instead, the researchers pointed to the fact that a high rate of staff turnover effected a situation in which low levels of oversight were provided to the incoming staff. This was due in part to the fact that proper training was not provided or effected within the organizations in question; due to the understanding by leadership that these employees would not long remain with the entity and therefore the expense of extensive training and oversight was unwarranted. The evidence that is provided for this particular analysis is an overview of data that was tabulated from nearly 300 Israeli care giving facilities; specifically those tasked with providing elderly care to a high percentage of the total overall patients that they admitted. Furthermore, reports of abuse, government audits, and personal interviews with individuals whose relatives were suspected of being abused was also tabulated as means of approaching this issue from a variety of different standpoints and gaining as accurate a level of inference as possible. With respect to any assumptions or biases, there were no blatant ones that struck this particular author as worthy of mentioning. However, it should be noted that it is without question that regardless the level of academic integrity and rigor that these authors put into their work, bias in one format or another is virtually inevitable and could have

Child abuse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child abuse - Assignment Example Children abused by family members who should be protecting them often lose trust for adults. Additionally, cultural values may restrict members from talking about sexual activities, making it more difficult for the child. The abused child may blame themselves for the abuse and as such may take long to talk to anyone about it. As a result, the abuse may go on for weeks, even months, before anyone knows about the atrocity. Abuse affects the child’s emotional, psychological, social and physical aspects of life which includes increased risk for depression, poor or lack of self esteem and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Avoidance of grilling the child for every detail or asking many questions, as this may overwhelm them. Instead, they should gently ask open-ended questions; at the same time reassuring the child that their secret is safe. The child should be taken to a pediatric hospital for check up of possible damage to the sexual organs. Furthermore, an experienced mental health professional should be contacted to help the child cope with trauma Teaching the child basic sexual education is important. Alternatively, a health professional could be engaged where the child learns accurate names given to private parts and how to take care of them so as to minimize reliance on older children or adults for help. Sexual advances from anybody should be discouraged, as well as inappropriate touching. Encouraging them to can make decisions concerning their bodies, for instance saying â€Å"no† when they do not want to be touched is important. Communication is an important part of developing trust with the child. Encouraging the child to ask questions when in doubt about sexual advances makes the child feel protected and is more likely to report any abuse. Child sex abuse occurs within family settings with a majority of the abused children being unable to report the atrocity, probably due to the trust they had on the perpetrator. Child sex abuse